A damaged motorcycle lying on the highway after a serious crash near a South Carolina roadway.

If you were injured in a motorcycle crash in Charleston or anywhere in South Carolina, you are likely facing serious physical injuries and significant medical bills. On top of that, the insurance company is probably already working to minimize what it pays you. Unlike car accident victims, motorcycle crash victims face unique legal challenges, including built-in bias from insurers and juries who assume riders are at fault simply for riding a motorcycle.

Charleston’s road environment poses specific risks to motorcyclists. For example, downtown Charleston’s narrow streets and heavy tourist traffic concentrate vehicle congestion in areas with limited visibility and frequent lane changes. US-17 and Savannah Highway carry high-speed mixed traffic through corridors where distracted and impaired drivers often fail to see or yield to motorcycles. The I-26 brings heavy freight and commuter traffic from North Charleston through some of the metro area’s most congested interchanges. The James Island Connector and Folly Road connect residential communities to downtown through corridors where left-turn collisions involving motorcycles occur with troubling frequency.

According to the South Carolina Department of Public Safety, motorcyclists are disproportionately represented in the state’s fatal crash statistics. The Charleston metro area’s combination of tourist traffic, a growing population, and aging road infrastructure makes it one of the state’s higher-risk areas for motorcycle crashes.

Hughey Law Firm represents victims of motorcycle crashes throughout South Carolina. 

Charleston Motorcycle Accident Guide

Common Dangers Motorcycle Riders Face in Charleston 

Motorcyclists are exposed to physical risks that passenger vehicle occupants are not. There is no structural protection between riders and the road. When a collision occurs, riders absorb the full force of the impact. This vulnerability is exacerbated by Charleston’s unique traffic environment.

The historic grid of downtown Charleston concentrates pedestrian, bicycle, and vehicle traffic at intersections with limited sight lines. The rapid development of the North Charleston and Cainhoy Peninsula corridors has increased residential density on roads that were not designed for the current volume of traffic. Interstate 526 (I-526) and the Interstate 26 (I-26) interchange carry some of the highest commercial and commuter traffic volumes in the state. Dorchester Road and Ashley Phosphate Road in North Charleston are consistently among the metro area’s highest-crash corridors.

Charleston’s status as a major tourist destination means there are unfamiliar drivers navigating an unfamiliar road network. This combination produces left-turn violations, unsafe lane changes, and distracted driving at a rate that experienced local riders recognize immediately.

Common Causes of Motorcycle Accidents

  • Distracted driving is the leading cause of preventable motorcycle crashes. Drivers whose attention is divided by a phone, navigation screen, or passenger often fail to see motorcycles in their visual field until it is too late to avoid a collision.
  • Failure to yield at intersections is a significant cause of serious motorcycle injuries. Drivers who fail to yield to oncoming motorcycle traffic at left-turn intersections often misjudge the speed of the motorcycle or don’t see it at all.
  • Unsafe lane changes occur when drivers merge without checking their blind spots or using their turn signals, cutting off motorcycles with no room to brake or maneuver.
  • Left-turn accidents are one of the most dangerous crash patterns for motorcyclists. A vehicle turning left across oncoming traffic often fails to yield to a motorcycle, resulting in a direct, frontal collision at high speeds that can cause catastrophic injury.
  • Speeding reduces a driver’s reaction time and increases the force of impact in any collision involving a motorcycle.
  • Drunk and impaired driving remains a significant cause of motorcycle fatalities in South Carolina. The combination of reduced reaction time and impaired judgment makes intoxicated drivers particularly dangerous to motorcyclists.
  • Road hazards, including potholes, uneven pavement, debris, and unmarked surface changes that a car would absorb without incident, can cause a motorcycle to lose control.

Serious Injuries Caused by Motorcycle Accidents 

According to the NHTSA, motorcyclists are significantly more likely to die in a crash than occupants of passenger vehicles. Without the structural protection of an enclosed vehicle, injuries from motorcycle crashes frequently include:

  • Traumatic brain injury
  • Spinal cord trauma
  • Complete or partial paralysis
  • Severe road rash and abrasions
  • Multiple fractures
  • Traumatic amputation
  • Internal organ damage
  • Nerve damage
  • Disc injuries
  • Fatal injuries

South Carolina Motorcycle Laws and Helmet Laws 

In South Carolina, all motorcycle operators and passengers are required to wear helmets that meet U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) safety standards. While failure to wear a helmet does not eliminate a rider’s right to pursue compensation for injuries caused by another driver’s negligence, it may become a comparative fault issue in cases involving head injuries.

South Carolina also requires motorcycle operators to have a valid motorcycle license endorsement and to carry minimum liability insurance. Lane splitting, or riding between lanes of traffic, is illegal in South Carolina.

What to Do After a Motorcycle Accident in Charleston 

After a motorcycle crash in Charleston or South Carolina, call 911, seek medical attention, document the scene, and contact an attorney before speaking with the other driver’s insurer. Here are the steps in detail.

  • Step 1: Call 911. 
  • Step 2: Seek emergency medical evaluation the same day. 
  • Step 3: Document the scene. 
  • Step 4: Collect witness information. 
  • Step 5: Do not give a recorded statement to the other driver’s insurer. 
  • Step 6: Contact Hughey Law Firm promptly. 

How Insurance Companies Try to Blame Motorcycle Riders

When handling motorcycle crash claims, insurance companies often apply a higher standard of scrutiny to riders than to passenger vehicle drivers. Adjusters look for any reason to assign some fault to the rider. This includes checking if the rider was speeding, if their lane position was ideal, if their clothing was visible, and if they took any evasive action. These arguments are designed to trigger South Carolina’s modified comparative fault rule, which reduces a plaintiff’s recovery by their assigned percentage of fault and eliminates recovery entirely if their percentage of fault exceeds fifty percent.

The bias against motorcyclists is not limited to insurance adjusters. Some juries come to the case with preconceived notions that riding is reckless. An experienced motorcycle crash attorney understands these assumptions and prepares to counter them with evidence about the other driver’s conduct and the crash mechanics.

The Hughey Law Firm understands this dynamic and has specific experience building the factual record that counters motorcycle bias with verifiable evidence about what actually happened.

What Compensation Can You Recover? 

According to South Carolina law, victims of motorcycle crashes may pursue compensation in the following categories.

  • Medical expenses cover emergency treatment, hospitalization, surgery, rehabilitation, long-term care, and future medical needs resulting from permanent injuries.
  • Lost income compensates for missed wages during recovery and long-term loss of earning capacity due to permanent disability.
  • Pain and suffering compensation covers the physical pain and emotional distress caused by injuries, which are often severe and lasting in serious motorcycle crash cases.
  • Property damage covers the repair or replacement value of the motorcycle and any other property damaged in the crash.
  • Permanent disability damages compensate for functional limitations that affect daily life, relationships, and quality of life.
  • Wrongful death damages are available when a motorcycle crash results in death.

Steps We Take to Prove Fault After a Motorcycle Crash 

Proving fault in a motorcycle crash requires more than just a police report. The Hughey Law Firm investigates every motorcycle case, including the following:

  • Evidence preservation: We issue preservation demands for surveillance footage from nearby businesses and intersections, dashcam footage from other vehicles, and event data recorder information from the at-fault vehicle. This evidence can disappear quickly without a formal legal demand.
  • Accident reconstruction: Our experts analyze physical evidence, skid marks, vehicle positions, and electronic data to determine how the crash occurred and who was responsible.
  • We conduct insurance and liability analyses: We identify all potentially liable parties, including the at-fault driver, their employer if they were driving for work, and any third parties whose negligence contributed to the crash.
  • Medical record development: We obtain and analyze all medical records to document the full scope and long-term consequences of the injuries sustained.
  • Counter-bias preparation: Specifically, we build the evidentiary record that counters insurance and potential jury bias against motorcyclists. This ensures that the case is evaluated based on the facts of what the at-fault driver did rather than on assumptions about riding.

Proven Results in Motorcycle Accident Cases 

nathan hughey

Truck and Motorcycle Accident: Our client was injured when a commercial truck struck his motorcycle. Settlement: $2,025,000.

Dram shop and wrongful death case: Our client was killed by a drunk driver. We settled the case on behalf of his estate.

Past results do not guarantee a specific outcome for your case. Every case is different and depends on its specific facts and circumstances. Hiring a lawyer is an important decision that should not be based solely on advertisements.

hughey law firm team

Contact an Experienced Charleston Motorcycle Accident Attorney

If you were injured in a motorcycle crash in Charleston or anywhere else in South Carolina, the Hughey Law Firm is ready to evaluate your case and pursue the full compensation you deserve. We handle motorcycle accident cases on a contingency fee basis, meaning you won’t pay any attorney fees unless we secure compensation for you.

Call (843) 881-8644 for a free consultation, fill out our contact form, or use live chat to speak with our team now. We represent families throughout Charleston, the Lowcountry, and across South Carolina.

Disclaimer: The information on this page is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Every case is different. Past results do not guarantee future outcomes. Hiring a lawyer is an important decision that should not be based solely on advertisements. Ask us to send you free written information about our qualifications and experience before you decide. The Hughey Law Firm is located in Charleston, South Carolina.

Frequently Asked Questions

About Motorcycle Accidents

As soon as possible after the crash. Surveillance footage along Charleston’s commercial corridors is usually overwritten within thirty days. Additionally, the other driver’s insurer begins building a defense from the moment of the crash. Early legal involvement protects the evidence your case depends on.

While most cases settle before trial, Hughey Law Firm prepares every case as though it will be tried. This preparation yields better results at every stage because the insurance company’s evaluation of the claim depends on whether your lawyer is prepared to take it to trial.

The tragic loss of a loved one in a motorcycle accident is something no amount of money can replace. However, pursuing compensation is possible with a Charleston wrongful death lawyer by your side.

A wrongful death action allows you to seek compensation for the expenses and impacts you’ve suffered as a result of losing your loved one in a motorcycle accident.

Who may bring a Charleston wrongful death action is dictated by South Carolina law, which specifies that the executor or administrator of the deceased’s estate must bring the action. However, who qualifies for compensation involves a pool of the decedent’s relatives. Examples of qualifying relationships include a surviving spouse, parents, or children.

The types of damages possible in a wrongful death action depend upon the facts of the case, but typically include:

  • Funeral expenses;
  • Final medical costs for your loved one;
  • Loss of income your partner provided;
  • Loss of inheritance for children;
  • Loss of companionship.

You can learn more about how to proceed with a wrongful death action by scheduling a free case consultation with a Charleston motorcycle accident attorney.

Yes. The Hughey Law Firm handles motorcycle accident cases on a contingency fee basis, meaning you pay no attorney fees unless we secure compensation for you.

Yes. However, it is not advisable to accept a settlement without at least first consulting with a lawyer. Doing so places you at risk of leaving money you deserve on the table, and facing future financial difficulty as you discover expenses the settlement amount is insufficient to cover.

Once you accept their settlement offer, your case is closed. The amount the insurance company first offers you is typically not enough to cover future medical care you may need, should your condition worsen.

Insurance adjusters tend to aggressively pressure you into a settlement. The experience of a traumatic motorcycle crash requires you to focus on rest and recovery. Instead of having to deal with an insurance company on top of it all, you’re better off hiring an attorney to take care of that for you.

Yes. Recoverable damages include medical expenses, lost income, pain and suffering, property damage, permanent disability, and, in the case of wrongful death, damages for surviving family members.

A severe motorcycle accident injury can forever impact your quality of life in many different ways. Motorcycle accident injuries vary; however, the following are some of the more serious, though common, injuries, which place motorcyclists at risk for never riding again:

Traumatic Brain Injury. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) observes that a brain injury results from a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or penetrating injury that can disrupt normal brain function. Clearly, if you get hit while on a motorcycle, you’re at risk of such injury. With South Carolina helmet laws only applying to those younger than 21 years old, the risk for a TBI is even higher for those who ride helmetless.

A severe brain injury may require more care than a family can provide. And placing a loved one in a skilled nursing facility is not an easy decision. However, a skilled facility can provide the care they need—though, at a cost. The average cost of a skilled nursing facility is thousands of dollars per month.

When a motorcyclist sustains a brain injury from an accident caused by another driver, that driver should pay costs relating to your loved one’s care. A skilled Charleston motorcycle accident injury lawyer can help you hold them accountable for your loved one’s damages.

Spinal Cord Injury. Motorcyclists also face a high risk of spinal cord injuries in an accident. A spinal cord injury typically results in some form of paralysis, forever changing a victim’s life. Such victims might require the assistance of a power chair, along with home modifications to accommodate the chair. In addition, accessible transportation and other necessities are important for improving a patient’s quality of life.

Assistive equipment like power chairs and accessible vans or cars need replacing throughout the patient’s lifetime. The Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation reports that the lifetime costs can easily reach millions of dollars. If you sustain a spinal cord injury from the wrongdoing of another, they should have to pay for your costs.

Other Injuries. Other serious injuries stemming from motorcycle accidents and resulting in extensive medical bills include internal bleeding, severe road rash, and broken bones. Many motorcyclists experience more than one injury, making the ability to afford sufficient and high-quality medical care imperative.

The long-term costs of serious injuries are part of what a lawyer will pursue in a motorcycle accident injury case. Exploring how a Charleston motorcycle accident injury lawyer can help you often takes just a phone call or online form submission. The easy contact process can start your journey toward the best outcome possible.

South Carolina’s modified comparative fault rule reduces your recovery proportionally by your assigned percentage of fault. If you are found to be fifty-one percent or more at fault, you will not receive any compensation. An attorney can investigate the specific facts of your case, challenge inflated fault assignments, and ensure that the determination of fault accurately reflects what happened.

The National Highway Safety Administration (NHTSA), highlights a few core causes of motorcycle accidents, revolving around the negligence of another driver. Too often, a driver who hits a motorcyclist will say that they did not see the motorcycle.

Failure to watch for motorcycles can happen when a driver:

  • Fails to adjust their mirrors: most of the area surrounding a vehicle contains blind spots, in which motorcycles are even more concealed, making mirror adjustment crucial for safety;
  • Ignores the motorcycle operator’s right of way: turning left in front of a motorcycle often results in tragic crashes;
  • Neglects to properly judge the distance and speed of an approaching motorcycle before entering a roadway.

These are just a few examples of driver negligence that can forever change the life of a motorcyclist.

Drivers may also cause motorcycle accidents by engaging in the following types of especially reckless behaviors behind the wheel:

  • Driving under the influence of drugs and/or alcohol: Despite the known dangers of drunk or drugged driving, drivers continue to take risks along Charleston streets and highways. The South Carolina Department of Public Safety reports that nearly half of all fatal accidents in South Carolina involve an impaired driver.
  • Driving distracted: The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) identifies three main forms of distraction: visual, manual, and cognitive. Drivers who take their eyes off the road, their hands off the wheel, or their minds off driving place motorcyclists at risk for serious harm. Motorcyclists can be hard to notice, even motorists with their full attention on the road.
  • Aggressive driving: Purposely tailgating, speeding, or cutting off a motorcyclist in traffic are examples of aggressive driving. This dangerous form of driving can develop into road rage, placing motorcyclists in extreme danger for serious injuries.
  • Drowsy driving: Failure of a motorist to rest or driving with an undiagnosed sleep disorder can lead to accidents caused by drowsy driving. The Sleep Foundation notes the similarity of the effects of drowsy driving to the impairments caused by drunk driving.

Charleston residents and visitors must always drive carefully and obey traffic laws. If the driver responsible for your motorcycle accident acted negligently or broke traffic laws and got into a wreck with a motorcycle, they may face liability.

A motorcycle provides almost no protection in a truck or car collision. The gear you wear and how defensively you operate your bike can only do so much to protect you in a traumatic crash. If you’ve done all you can to avoid a crash, and are nonetheless injured due to another motorist’s wrongdoing, you deserve to recover compensation for your injuries.


As reported in 2017 by The Post and Courier, South Carolina is one of the deadliest states in the southeast for motorcyclists. While many different reasons account for this deadly ranking, both motorcyclists and state officials are unsure of how to reduce the state’s death rates. Consider the following statewide accident statistics for more information.

The Numbers

The Post and Courier article notes that South Carolina’s average annual death rate for motorcyclists from 2011 to 2015 was 10 deaths for every 10,000 motorcycles, which placed the state second only to Mississippi in a comparison of the motorcyclist fatality rates across nine southeastern states. Mississippi has the least number of motorcycles of all of the nine states included in the study, which may explain that state’s high average.

Below we discuss some more statistics provided by the South Carolina Department of Public Safety using 2017 data:

  • South Carolina experienced 116 fatal motorcycle accidents in 2017, a decrease of 23 accidents from the year before, after two years of increases. Sadly, these accidents resulted in 117 deaths.
  • During 2017, South Carolina experienced 1,693 motorcycle accidents that involved injuries, with a total of 1,996 injured individuals.
  • In a five-year time from 2013 to 2017, South Carolina experienced 597 fatal motorcycle collisions and 8,247 motorcycle accidents that involved injuries. The deadliest year during that time period was 2016, with 148 deaths in 139 fatal collisions.
  • Men accounted for nearly 86 percent of all motorcyclists involved in accidents in 2017. Female motorcyclists only accounted for 9 of the 117 fatal motorcycle accidents during the same year.
  • Actions by the motorcyclists contributed to more than 54 percent of the fatalities, injuries, and property damage that occurred in motorcycle accidents in 2017, including in 81 fatal accidents. Other factors unrelated to the motorcyclists’ actions caused 41 of the fatal accidents.
  • In 2017, South Carolina had 115,143 registered motorcycles—down slightly from the year before. The motorcycle collision rate for registered motorcycles was 2 accidents out of every 100 registered motorcycles.
  • In a ten-year time frame from 2008 to 2017, there were only three years that had less than one hundred fatal motorcycle collisions; there were 95 fatal motorcycle collisions in 2009, 84 in 2010, and 89 in 2014.
  • 2014 featured the lowest fatality rate for motorcyclists in the past five years, with a rate of slightly less than eight fatal motorcycle accidents for every 10,000 registered motorcycles.
  • In 2017, the most motorcycle accidents occurred on secondary roads, with 778 total collisions occurring on such roads, including 45 fatal accidents and 580 injury collisions.

State Laws Involving Motorcyclists

The Post and Courier article included a discussion of these unique characteristics of South Carolina laws that pertain to motorcyclists:

  • South Carolina law only requires motorcyclists that are 20 years old or younger to wear helmets. Research suggests that if the law required motorcyclists of all ages to wear helmets, the state’s death rate could potentially drop by as much as 42 percent. Laws in the 19 states and the District of Columbia require the use of a helmet while riding a motorcycle; in these places, motorcyclist death rates are 20 to 40 percent lower when compared to states without such laws.
  • The state allows motorcyclists to obtain licenses without any formal training and little proof of road proficiency. The state’s motorcycle laws only require written and vision tests, along with the choice of either proof of a safety education course or a road skills test that the individual takes on a closed course at speeds of around 15 miles per hour.

Time of Day and Year

The time and date often play a role in motorcycle accidents. According to the South Carolina Department of Public Safety:

  • May was 2017’s most dangerous month, with 322 total motorcycle collisions, including 12 accidents with fatalities, 250 with injuries, and 60 with just property damage. 297 individuals sustained injuries in motorcycle accidents in May.
  • September was the deadliest month of 2017, with 17 fatal motorcycle accidents resulting in the deaths of 17 people.
    December was the safest month of 2017 for motorcyclists, with 80 total collisions that involved 3 fatal accidents and 65 accidents with injuries, resulting in injuries to 82 people.
  • 490 of the state’s motorcycle accidents occurred on a Saturday, making that the single most dangerous day for motorcyclists. Saturdays were also the deadliest day of the week, with 33 fatal collisions happening on Saturdays in 2017. Saturday accidents accounted for injuries to 463 people.
  • The safest day of the week for motorcyclists in 2017 was Monday; however, 228 total collisions, including 9 fatal accidents and 177 injury accidents, still occurred on Mondays.
  • In 2017, the most dangerous time of day for motorcyclists in terms of being involved in an accident was the late afternoon to evening hours of 3 to 6 pm. During that time of day, there were 594 total collisions, including 21 fatal accidents and 447 accidents that involved injuries.
  • Nighttime hours between 6 p.m. and midnight represented the deadliest time of day for motorcyclists, with 33 fatal accidents occurring between 6 and 9 p.m. and another 27 between 9 p.m. and midnight.
  • Daytime hours with clear or cloudy conditions and no rain represented the most common light and weather conditions for an accident to occur, with 1,438 motorcycle accidents occurring in these conditions during 2017.
  • Dark hours with clear or cloudy conditions and no rain were the deadliest conditions for motorcyclists, with 64 fatal collisions occurring under these conditions.

Helmet Use

  • 77 individuals involved in fatal South Carolina motorcycle accidents in 2017 failed to wear helmets; whereas 34 fatal accidents involved riders who were wearing helmets.
  • The age group most frequently killed or injured in motorcycle accidents while not wearing helmets was riders over the age of 45. Fatalities and injuries were also common for riders between the ages of 25 to 34 who were not wearing helmets.
  • Riders failed to wear helmets in 66 percent of the state’s fatal motorcycle accidents in 2017.
  • Nearly 60 percent of South Carolina’s motorcycle accidents that involved non-fatal injuries featured riders who weren’t wearing helmets.
  • Riders wearing helmets accounted for 29 percent of the state’s fatal accidents and 35 percent of its injury accidents.

Reasons for a High Death Rate

The Post and Courier report cites the following reasons for the state’s high motorcycle accident death rate:

  • Lack of helmet use
  • Risky behavior by untrained or reckless motorcyclists, such as weaving in and out of traffic and popping wheelies at high speeds
  • Lack of visibility for drivers of other vehicles
  • Cell phone use and distracted driving by other drivers
  • Hazardous road conditions, such as potholes and gravel

If you or a loved one were injured in a motorcycle accident, we want to discuss your case. Hughey Law Firm attorneys have represented clients in the Charleston metro region and in communities throughout South Carolina. We’re also licensed in North Carolina and Georgia. Our attorneys handle cases on a contingency basis, meaning we don’t collect a fee until we resolve your claim.

Give us a call at (843) 881-8644 or complete our online contact form. We’ll schedule a free consultation to determine if we can help you.

When a claim involves catastrophic injuries, an insurance company may choose to defend a case when settling is the reasonable option. When an insurance company allows litigation to proceed, it’s often an effort to encourage a lower settlement. Continued litigation forces a plaintiff to incur ongoing court costs and fees. Insurers and/or defendants may use several common strategies to reduce or discharge liability for a plaintiff’s injuries, including:

  • No negligence – If a vehicle driver convinces a jury that he wasn’t negligent, the jury might decide that the plaintiff shouldn’t receive damages.
  • Comparative negligence: If a defendant driver convinces a jury that the injured motorcyclist was also negligent, South Carolina’s Modified Comparative Fault statute allows a damage reduction based on the negligence percentage. If a plaintiff is 51 percent at fault or greater, he recovers no damages.
  • No defect – A motorcycle or motorcycle helmet manufacturer may plead no defect to allegations that their product contributed to or caused an accident. Maintenance and repair companies use the same strategy in convincing a jury that they didn’t perform defective repairs or maintenance.
  • Damage dispute – An insurance company may reduce the potential damage amount if they convince a jury that their insured didn’t cause some or any of the damages.

Our lawyers have dealt with many defendants and their insurance companies, and we understand their tactics. We address courtroom defenses by documenting the evidence and resolving legal and liability issues early on. Our attention to detail has helped us overcome typical insurance company strategies and achieve positive outcomes for many of our clients.

Our clients’ injury settlements can include economic damages and general damages. Courts also occasionally award punitive damages based on the individual facts of the case. We determine our clients’ economic damages by totaling their out-of-pocket expenses. As motorcyclists often sustain injuries that require long-term medical care, we require an economist’s projections to determine future costs. Economic damages may include the following:

  • Current and future income losses;
  • Diminished earning capacity;
  • Current and future treatment and pharmacy costs;
  • Prosthetics;
  • Ramps and mobility aids;
  • Physical, emotional, and occupational therapy;
  • Medical transportation;
  • Household assistance; and
  • Funeral and burial costs.

Evaluating general damages isn’t as simple as totaling bills and lost wages. They include financial damages for emotional, psychological, and lifestyle issues. General damages include these and other subjective considerations:

  • Pain and suffering;
  • Anxiety;
  • Emotional distress;
  • Spousal and relationship issues;
  • Loss of bodily functions;
  • Temporary and permanent disabilities;
  • Scars; and
  • Disfigurement.
  • In some cases, a jury may award punitive damages under South Carolina 15-32-510. For a successful punitive damage award, the plaintiff must demonstrate “clear and convincing evidence” of the defendant’s “willful, wanton, or reckless conduct.”